The Civil War Essay Research Paper History free essay sample

The Civil War Essay, Research PaperHistory ReflectionCoons, darkies, male childs. These are just a couple of the unfathomably dissing names that you could hear Whites naming the dark slaves in any of the Southern or Northern areas during the 1850Os to the 1860Os. My Grandmother was brought up in Missouri in the 1930Os. She has had a group of involvement with the way that whites rewarded there slaves at that cut. She disclosed to me that one time when she was roughly 13 mature ages old here dad came place and told here family unit that one of the neighbors up the road brought two of his slaves down to the butch shot them two in the dorsum of the caput and through them it to the waterway. This was only in light of the fact that he had no interest for them any more. He could of sold them, however I surmise that he increased a type of pleasance from hiting Negroes. We will compose a custom paper test on The Civil War Essay Research Paper History or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page End a gross excursion thought of you ask me. Thinking back to the 1800Os Africans were sent over from Africa and were sold as captives toward the Southern States of New England.Read Also:Â Which Pair of Battles Marked the Turning Point in the Civil War?Basically, the Northerners were against servitude and the Southerners were genius subjection. The by means of media of 1850 should set a terminal to the servitude conflict. However, it did non. After the statute was past numerous Southerners were looking to catch their slaves that had previously vanished into the Northern territories. Those slaves were in steady peril of recover. In addition, anybody that was found helping a slave flight would have a $ 1000 mulct as well as a half year prison cut. Indeed, even so 1000s of inkinesss pulled wagers and moved to Canada. Work power that attempted to repossess their slaves were much of the time killed for nobbling in the northern States. Most Northerners were preferential against inkinesss, free or slaves yet they didnOt excuse bondage.A grown-up female named Harriet Beecher Stowe was author of an abolitionist subjection novel named OOUncle TomOs CabinOO distributed in 1852. The book appeared to be a reminder toward the Northerners about what servitude was genuinely comparative in the Southern provinces.The book was an anecdotal story about a dark slave grown-up male named Uncle Tom and the various individuals he slaved for. In the terminal of the story he is offered to Simon Legree, who has him lashed to expire by Sambo, one of Simons other slave sellers. The mystery plan of this novel was so hard to accept that it was viewed as a cutting edge drama. Stowe herself had just been oppressed # 8230 ;The rest of the paper is accessible complimentary to our enlisted clients. The enlistment technique only couldn # 8217 ; t be simpler. Sign in or vault now. It is all free!

Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction

There are different speculations that endeavored to clarify and comprehend different get-togethers and social issues. Two of these hypotheses incorporate the regulating and the exact speculations. So as to comprehend these ideas, it might be ideal to know their definitions. The standardizing hypothesis includes the assessment of things dependent on the marks of what is acceptable and what is awful. The allure then of a methodology is dictated by the discernible decisions on its implications.On the other hand, exact hypothesis includes the utilization of perceptions as indicated by solid proof so things can be clarified with exactness and accuracy. One of the most significant utilizations of the regularizing and observational hypothesis is on the standard making part of a vote based system. As per Craig, there â€Å"may be various models of democracy†. In any case, in our general public, we are frequently mistaken for the regulating and observational parts of democracy.As respe cts vote based system, one can even now say that so as to accomplish the genuine substance of an equitable network, the experimental methodology is all things considered alluring. It isn't sufficient that the statutes proposed by the idea of majority rules system directs how and to what degree we accomplish vote based system. Or maybe, it is significant that we additionally depend on exact information and solid proof to decide how and to what degree the proposed just approaches can influence the lives of the individuals who have faith in the idea of democracy.Historical information demonstrates that botches as respects majority rules system included the standardizing hypothesis of popular government wherein our pioneers will in general have been influenced and chosen uniquely as per what vote based system ought to and should be somewhat on what the network entirely and the situation. In the standardizing hypothesis, it is regularly the mean to assess things instead of clarify things . In such manner, it is regularly the situation that under the regularizing hypothesis, solid activities are not decided so as to determine issues.This isn't accurate if there should be an occurrence of the observational hypothesis on the grounds that by something beyond assessing things, clarifying the different social wonders empowers our pioneers to make further comprehension of things with the goal that it very well may be settled by just standards. Vote based hypothesis is observationally alluring as much as it permits the individuals to clarify things with the goal that they can uninhibitedly follow up on it. The law based set up is best for the network since it permits individuals to, exclusively make an assessment and comprehension of things by attempting to clarify the underlying drivers of the problems.In expansion, under the idea of popular government, it is best that choices be put together not just with respect to the premise of what is best for a specific gathering yet for the entire network. The act of vote based system ought not cause to sabotage other equitable privileges of others. This is normally what is reflected in the United States governmental issues since explicit strategies particularly on wars are presently impressions of the voice of the individuals, or a result of free thoughts to decide their pertinence and reasonableness.It is terrible to believe that the vote based standards are currently spoiled with the extended length of intensity of legislative issues and officialdom. Numerous our apparently vote based pioneers, disregard equitable end in return of their own expectations. We ought not overlook that a genuine fair government is an administration for the individuals, by the individuals and of the individuals. The centralization of government particularly of dynamic doesn't mirror the genuine idea of an equitable state.

A reading list for a week at MIT

A reading list for a week at MIT Something unexpected has happened with my classes this semester. Up until this point, my homework has been pretty predictable: read some lecture notes, do a pset, repeat. This semester, none of my classes have regular psets, but almost all of my classes have assigned reading! A weeks worth of readingeven in technical classes! :O Recently a big chunk of my time on weekday nights has been dedicated to studying scientific papers, pieces of literature, or system specifications. Even though a lot of it is technical, it’s a really sharp break from the math-and-coding heaving schedules I’m used to. In a way, it’s really niceâ€"I’m being regularly exposed to challenging and cutting edge ideas and being asked to reason about them. So I thought I’d take the opportunity of doing something I never thought I’d do at MITâ€"giving you an intro to my classes, literary style. 6.835: Intelligent Multimodal User Interfaces This is a graduate-level UI class about designing systems that communicate through multiple modalitiesâ€"speech, key input, gesture, drawing, etc. The class is mainly about two things: how to make interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use, and how to develop technology that makes that possible. Before every class meeting we read three papers about multimodal input detection or systems that use it. For instance, the second week, we focused on sketch interpretation. Recently we’ve been talking about body pose and gesture recognition. The first day of class was more of a survey of UI principals than an investigation of a specific modality. I actually found the reading pretty interesting, because it took a technical look at evaluating user interfaces. We read a couple of papers published in 1990 (!) by researchers at the Technical University of Denmark, both having to do with the question of how to evaluate and troubleshoot user interfaces. The one that stood out to me was called Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces. In the paper, they gave their test subjects a specification for some type of UI, and the subjects were asked to identify as many flaws as possible in the design. Their responses were compared against a master list compiled by the authors. There were two takeaways from the paper that made it memorable: People are bad at this. The average test subject found between 20 and 50 percent of known UI problems. This means that if you are the person sitting behind the keyboard troubleshooting your interface, you are peacefully oblivious to at least half of the problems with it. Groups of people are pretty good at this. The authors graphed the number of problems found as a function of how many people reviewed the UI: From  Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces by Jakob Nielson and Rolf Molich   Pooling people’s feedback allowed the subjects to locate between 80 and 100% of UI problems. Basically, this paper gives a scientific justification for well-planned user studies! It’s practically impossible for one person to optimize a UI, but a sufficiently large group of casual users can do pretty well. This type of evaluation is both meaningful and necessary. A more technical example of a paper we read is the Microsoft Research paper that explains how they recognize people’s body positions using a Kinect. This is basically the algorithm that makes the Kinect work, and based on the frequency with which this resource comes up in class discussions and final project proposals, it seems like this is one of the best, widely available methods for pose detection. The algorithm consumes depth information from the Kinect (no color information!) and is able to identify parts of the user’s body. It does this in real time and can handle multiple users. The authors do this by classifying each pixel of the input depth map as belonging to one of 31 body parts. A set of features are generated for each pixel by taking the difference in depth between that pixel and a different pixel specified by a depth-invariant offset. These offsets are chosen by training a “decision tree forest” to find a set of offsets that allows for the best differentiation between different body parts. In order to get enough data to evaluate their feature sets, the authors generated their own synthetic data by rendering models of people people with different body types in a variety of positions. After a person’s body is correctly segmented, it is possible for the authors to estimate the location of the subject’s joints, thus returning a condensed summary of a subject’ s pose that can be used in a myriad of applications. As you can see, the papers we read in the class range from generic UI concerns to highly technical domain-specific multimodal applications. They also run the gamut from theoretical to applied. I actually think this is a good way to lay out a UI course. I think designing easy, user-friendly interfaces is important and nontrivial; nevertheless, people sometimes stay away from UI courses because the stuff they teach you can seem kind of self-evident. 835 interleaves important soft skills with challenging algorithmic and hardware questions, which keeps it interesting. Plus, the final project involves building a multimodal interface using fun toys (like Kinects). So it’s definitely not all reading! 21G.346: Contemporary Francophone Africa This class is my favorite French class I’ve taken so far! This is the first advanced French class I’ve taken, and it’s the first one where learning French is not the main objective. The class discusses the history and culture of Africa, focusing on countries where French is an official or predominant language. That’s to say, the class deals with substantial historical, political, and moral questions, but it’s taught entirely in French. The class is so good because we’re not just using language for the sake of hearing ourselves talk, but rather using it to express significant ideas. It’s been improving my speaking a lot because it’s forcing me to think about how to frame complex concepts. Also, there are only 4 people in the class, so there really is time and space for everyone to participate in a substantial debate. But the focus on actual content means that mon Dieu, there’s a lot of reading. So far we’ve been focusing on the history of francophone Africa, with an emphasis on the colonial period and the discord and subjugation it brought. We’ve read several chapters of a book on Africa’s history (Petite Histoire de l’Afrique by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch). We read the first half of a classic of African literature, L’Aventure Ambiguë by Cheikh Hamidou Kane, about a young African boy who must abandon his religious and cultural traditions in favor of a European education. The novel is really compelling in the stark way it frames the choice faced by many African peoples in the wake of a wave of European colonization: hang on to the customs that have defined their identity for centuries and face eradication, or accept the practical know-how and cultural erosion of a materially superior power. We’ve read first-person French government documents ranging from the 1880s until the 1920s that put on display French imperial attitudes towards the African colonies and their system of colonial education. This week, we’re starting to read speeches by African leaders of decolonization calling for independence. The reading is dense, textually and emotionally. Given the amount of text, and the fact that it’s in French, I’m pretty easily spending more time on this class than for any other humanities class I’ve taken at MIT. But it’s worth it. 6.033: Designing Software Systems This is a required class for Computer Science majors. It’s a special kind of class called a CI-Mâ€"communication intensive in your majorâ€"which means it deals with technical content, but also teaches a lot of communication skillsâ€"like critical reading. During recitations, we come prepared having read a paper, a textbook excerpt, or some other kind of article, and then discuss the design choices presented therein. Honestly, the course so far has been all over the map. Because the subject material is so wide-rangingâ€" “systems”, which is a HUGE field comprising everything from operating systems to databases to the internet, plus the focus on communicationâ€"the corpus for this class has felt a little incoherent so far. For instance: the first recitation we read a sensationalist non-technical article about how buggy software is a deadly public safety threat and then discussed how the fatalities cited therein were fewer than the number of people that die annually in the US of lightning strikes. The part of the class that is pretty cool is the way we discuss tradeoffs in design choices for computer systems. For instance, last week, we read a paper by the creators of the Unix operating system talking about some of the main design choices of the OS, such as how the filesystem is organized and what the command line actually does. We discussed if the decision to prevent circular references in the directory structure (not letting a folder contain a link to itself) is justified, and considered alternatives for how the command prompt could process user commands. Although the reading can be interesting, the fact that I have literally no idea what next recitation’s reading is about is throwing me off a little. Are we going to talk about locking? Naming schemes? Distributed computing? It’s like playing reading roulette. 6.s081: Dynamic Computer Language Engineering (the only class without assigned reading!) This is an experimental spin-off of a pretty established static language engineering class at MIT (6.035), except, you guessed it, the focus is on dynamic programming languages (like Python or JavaScript) instead of statically-typed ones (like C++ or Java). The semester-long assignment for this class is cut and dry: implement a dynamic programming language. No required reading! Well, maybe I’m getting ahead of myself. Even though there are no assigned texts for the class, implementing a computer language is a complicated task…which means that there’s a lot of documentation in my future! Most notably: A few weekends ago, I spent a solid day perusing the pages of LearnCpp.com, trying to learn C++, which I have never used before, in time to implement the first assignment, which was writing a parser for our language. This happened to be a project that involved some of the most complicated features of C++, like memory management and complicated inheritance patterns. After a somewhat stressful couple of days of working on it nonstop and liberally consulting StackOverflow, I finished the parser…AND it passed all the test cases!!! So I’m off to a good start. The next assignment is basically a reading assignment in itself. This is the spec for our interpreter, which defines what commands in the language actually do. It’s 9 pages long. Look at me, engaging with the text and leaving notes in the margins! So that’s my schedule this semester, reading-list style! I’m actually really excited about this schedule; it’s the first semester where I’ve been able to choose a lot of higher-level classes, and I’ve got good lecturers and interesting subject material to look forward to. Pen out, reading glasses on! Post Tagged #6.033 #6.835

A reading list for a week at MIT

A reading list for a week at MIT Something unexpected has happened with my classes this semester. Up until this point, my homework has been pretty predictable: read some lecture notes, do a pset, repeat. This semester, none of my classes have regular psets, but almost all of my classes have assigned reading! A weeks worth of readingeven in technical classes! :O Recently a big chunk of my time on weekday nights has been dedicated to studying scientific papers, pieces of literature, or system specifications. Even though a lot of it is technical, it’s a really sharp break from the math-and-coding heaving schedules I’m used to. In a way, it’s really niceâ€"I’m being regularly exposed to challenging and cutting edge ideas and being asked to reason about them. So I thought I’d take the opportunity of doing something I never thought I’d do at MITâ€"giving you an intro to my classes, literary style. 6.835: Intelligent Multimodal User Interfaces This is a graduate-level UI class about designing systems that communicate through multiple modalitiesâ€"speech, key input, gesture, drawing, etc. The class is mainly about two things: how to make interfaces that are intuitive and easy to use, and how to develop technology that makes that possible. Before every class meeting we read three papers about multimodal input detection or systems that use it. For instance, the second week, we focused on sketch interpretation. Recently we’ve been talking about body pose and gesture recognition. The first day of class was more of a survey of UI principals than an investigation of a specific modality. I actually found the reading pretty interesting, because it took a technical look at evaluating user interfaces. We read a couple of papers published in 1990 (!) by researchers at the Technical University of Denmark, both having to do with the question of how to evaluate and troubleshoot user interfaces. The one that stood out to me was called Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces. In the paper, they gave their test subjects a specification for some type of UI, and the subjects were asked to identify as many flaws as possible in the design. Their responses were compared against a master list compiled by the authors. There were two takeaways from the paper that made it memorable: People are bad at this. The average test subject found between 20 and 50 percent of known UI problems. This means that if you are the person sitting behind the keyboard troubleshooting your interface, you are peacefully oblivious to at least half of the problems with it. Groups of people are pretty good at this. The authors graphed the number of problems found as a function of how many people reviewed the UI: From  Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces by Jakob Nielson and Rolf Molich   Pooling people’s feedback allowed the subjects to locate between 80 and 100% of UI problems. Basically, this paper gives a scientific justification for well-planned user studies! It’s practically impossible for one person to optimize a UI, but a sufficiently large group of casual users can do pretty well. This type of evaluation is both meaningful and necessary. A more technical example of a paper we read is the Microsoft Research paper that explains how they recognize people’s body positions using a Kinect. This is basically the algorithm that makes the Kinect work, and based on the frequency with which this resource comes up in class discussions and final project proposals, it seems like this is one of the best, widely available methods for pose detection. The algorithm consumes depth information from the Kinect (no color information!) and is able to identify parts of the user’s body. It does this in real time and can handle multiple users. The authors do this by classifying each pixel of the input depth map as belonging to one of 31 body parts. A set of features are generated for each pixel by taking the difference in depth between that pixel and a different pixel specified by a depth-invariant offset. These offsets are chosen by training a “decision tree forest” to find a set of offsets that allows for the best differentiation between different body parts. In order to get enough data to evaluate their feature sets, the authors generated their own synthetic data by rendering models of people people with different body types in a variety of positions. After a person’s body is correctly segmented, it is possible for the authors to estimate the location of the subject’s joints, thus returning a condensed summary of a subject’ s pose that can be used in a myriad of applications. As you can see, the papers we read in the class range from generic UI concerns to highly technical domain-specific multimodal applications. They also run the gamut from theoretical to applied. I actually think this is a good way to lay out a UI course. I think designing easy, user-friendly interfaces is important and nontrivial; nevertheless, people sometimes stay away from UI courses because the stuff they teach you can seem kind of self-evident. 835 interleaves important soft skills with challenging algorithmic and hardware questions, which keeps it interesting. Plus, the final project involves building a multimodal interface using fun toys (like Kinects). So it’s definitely not all reading! 21G.346: Contemporary Francophone Africa This class is my favorite French class I’ve taken so far! This is the first advanced French class I’ve taken, and it’s the first one where learning French is not the main objective. The class discusses the history and culture of Africa, focusing on countries where French is an official or predominant language. That’s to say, the class deals with substantial historical, political, and moral questions, but it’s taught entirely in French. The class is so good because we’re not just using language for the sake of hearing ourselves talk, but rather using it to express significant ideas. It’s been improving my speaking a lot because it’s forcing me to think about how to frame complex concepts. Also, there are only 4 people in the class, so there really is time and space for everyone to participate in a substantial debate. But the focus on actual content means that mon Dieu, there’s a lot of reading. So far we’ve been focusing on the history of francophone Africa, with an emphasis on the colonial period and the discord and subjugation it brought. We’ve read several chapters of a book on Africa’s history (Petite Histoire de l’Afrique by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch). We read the first half of a classic of African literature, L’Aventure Ambiguë by Cheikh Hamidou Kane, about a young African boy who must abandon his religious and cultural traditions in favor of a European education. The novel is really compelling in the stark way it frames the choice faced by many African peoples in the wake of a wave of European colonization: hang on to the customs that have defined their identity for centuries and face eradication, or accept the practical know-how and cultural erosion of a materially superior power. We’ve read first-person French government documents ranging from the 1880s until the 1920s that put on display French imperial attitudes towards the African colonies and their system of colonial education. This week, we’re starting to read speeches by African leaders of decolonization calling for independence. The reading is dense, textually and emotionally. Given the amount of text, and the fact that it’s in French, I’m pretty easily spending more time on this class than for any other humanities class I’ve taken at MIT. But it’s worth it. 6.033: Designing Software Systems This is a required class for Computer Science majors. It’s a special kind of class called a CI-Mâ€"communication intensive in your majorâ€"which means it deals with technical content, but also teaches a lot of communication skillsâ€"like critical reading. During recitations, we come prepared having read a paper, a textbook excerpt, or some other kind of article, and then discuss the design choices presented therein. Honestly, the course so far has been all over the map. Because the subject material is so wide-rangingâ€" “systems”, which is a HUGE field comprising everything from operating systems to databases to the internet, plus the focus on communicationâ€"the corpus for this class has felt a little incoherent so far. For instance: the first recitation we read a sensationalist non-technical article about how buggy software is a deadly public safety threat and then discussed how the fatalities cited therein were fewer than the number of people that die annually in the US of lightning strikes. The part of the class that is pretty cool is the way we discuss tradeoffs in design choices for computer systems. For instance, last week, we read a paper by the creators of the Unix operating system talking about some of the main design choices of the OS, such as how the filesystem is organized and what the command line actually does. We discussed if the decision to prevent circular references in the directory structure (not letting a folder contain a link to itself) is justified, and considered alternatives for how the command prompt could process user commands. Although the reading can be interesting, the fact that I have literally no idea what next recitation’s reading is about is throwing me off a little. Are we going to talk about locking? Naming schemes? Distributed computing? It’s like playing reading roulette. 6.s081: Dynamic Computer Language Engineering (the only class without assigned reading!) This is an experimental spin-off of a pretty established static language engineering class at MIT (6.035), except, you guessed it, the focus is on dynamic programming languages (like Python or JavaScript) instead of statically-typed ones (like C++ or Java). The semester-long assignment for this class is cut and dry: implement a dynamic programming language. No required reading! Well, maybe I’m getting ahead of myself. Even though there are no assigned texts for the class, implementing a computer language is a complicated task…which means that there’s a lot of documentation in my future! Most notably: A few weekends ago, I spent a solid day perusing the pages of LearnCpp.com, trying to learn C++, which I have never used before, in time to implement the first assignment, which was writing a parser for our language. This happened to be a project that involved some of the most complicated features of C++, like memory management and complicated inheritance patterns. After a somewhat stressful couple of days of working on it nonstop and liberally consulting StackOverflow, I finished the parser…AND it passed all the test cases!!! So I’m off to a good start. The next assignment is basically a reading assignment in itself. This is the spec for our interpreter, which defines what commands in the language actually do. It’s 9 pages long. Look at me, engaging with the text and leaving notes in the margins! So that’s my schedule this semester, reading-list style! I’m actually really excited about this schedule; it’s the first semester where I’ve been able to choose a lot of higher-level classes, and I’ve got good lecturers and interesting subject material to look forward to. Pen out, reading glasses on! Post Tagged #6.033 #6.835

How Technology Can Make Their Jobs More Effective Essay

With the capabilities and wide-spread availability of technology, it is not uncommon to use electronic machines and computers in our everyday lives. Whether it is a business, government, hospital, or car repair shop, people utilize technology to make their jobs more effective, efficient, and enjoyable. One societal institution where the incorporation of technology seems most beneficial is in our schools, especially in K-12. Through the use of technology, education is made more accessible, versatile, engaging, and easier for both students and teachers. It is no surprise that technology can make information much more accessible. For instance, the simple act of researching the formula for the area of a triangle can be simplified to a search on the Internet. As such, students are able to use sites like YouTube, Wikipedia, Quizlet to gain varyingly different points of view about the subject they are studying. They are also able to return to any point in a video lesson presentation and rev iew it over and over until they either memorize the details or grasp the concepts that it contains or both. In contrast, the traditional brick and mortar school does not allow for such meaningful repetition. If a student does not immediately understand the concept being presented, they are left to either read from their confusing, often unintelligible textbook or to seek out a fellow student for assistance. Even then, these students still might not be able to understand the conceptsShow MoreRelatedClassroom And Listening Techniques Must Be Implemented From My Initial Individual Learning Plan Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesobserving the teacher. In order for students to learn and achieve their goals in the classroom, teachers have to implement effective questioning strategies and meaningful activities that motivate students to work collaboratively. 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Adolf Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed as the chancellor of Germany by President Paul Von Hindenburg. Hindenburg made the appointment in an effort to keep Hitler and the Nazi Party â€Å"in check;† however, the decision would have disastrous results for Germany and the entire European continent. In the year and seven months that followed, Hitler was able to exploit the death of Hindenburg and combine the positions of chancellor and president into the position of Fà ¼hrer, the supreme leader of Germany. Structure of the German Government At the end of World War I, the existing German government under Kaiser Wilhelm II collapsed. In its place, Germany’s first experiment with democracy, known as the Weimar Republic, commenced. One of the new government’s first actions was to sign the controversial Treaty of Versailles which placed blame for WWI solely upon Germany. The new democracy was primarily composed of the following: The president, who was elected every seven years and vested with immense powers;The Reichstag, the German parliament, which consisted of members elected every four years and based on proportional representation—the number of seats was based on the number of votes received by each party; andThe chancellor, who was appointed by the president to oversee the Reichstag, and usually a member of the majority party in the Reichstag. Although this system put more power in the hands of the people than ever before, it was relatively unstable and would ultimately lead to the rise of one of the worst dictators in modern history. Hitler’s Return to Government After his imprisonment for his failed 1923 coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler was outwardly reluctant to return as the leader of the Nazi Party; however, it did not take long for party followers to convince Hitler that they needed his leadership once again. With Hitler as leader, the Nazi Party gained over 100 seats in the Reichstag by 1930 and was viewed as a significant party within the German government. Much of this success can be attributed to the party’s propaganda leader, Joseph Goebbels. The Presidential Election of 1932 In the spring of 1932, Hitler ran against incumbent and WWI hero Paul von Hindenburg. The initial presidential election on March 13, 1932, was an impressive showing for the Nazi Party with Hitler receiving 30% of the vote. Hindenburg won 49% of the vote and was the leading candidate; however, he did not receive the absolute majority needed to be awarded the presidency. A run-off election was set for April 10. Hitler gained over two million votes in the run-off or approximately 36% of the total votes. Hindenburg only gained one million votes on his previous count but it was enough to give him 53% of the total electorate—enough for him to be elected to another term as president of the struggling republic. The Nazis and the Reichstag Although Hitler lost the election, the election results showed that the Nazi Party had grown both powerful and popular. In June, Hindenburg used his presidential power to dissolve the Reichstag and appointed Franz von Papen as the new chancellor. As a result, a new election had to be held for the members of the Reichstag. In this July 1932 election, the popularity of the Nazi Party would be further affirmed with their massive gain of an additional 123 seats, making them the largest party in the Reichstag. The following month, Papen offered his former supporter, Hitler, the position of Vice Chancellor. By this point, Hitler realized that he could not manipulate Papen and refused to accept the position. Instead, he worked to make Papen’s job difficult and aimed to enact a vote of no confidence. Papen orchestrated another dissolution of the Reichstag before this could occur. In the next Reichstag election, the Nazis lost 34 seats. Despite this loss, the Nazis remained powerful. Papen, who was struggling to create a working coalition within the parliament, was unable to do so without including the Nazis. With no coalition, Papen was forced to resign his position of chancellor in November of 1932. Hitler saw this as another opportunity to promote himself into the position of chancellor; however, Hindenburg instead appointed Kurt von Schleicher. Papen was dismayed by this choice as he had attempted in the interim to convince Hindenburg to reinstate him as chancellor and allow him to rule by emergency decree. A Winter of Deceit Over the course of the next two months, there was much political intrigue and backroom negotiations that occurred within the German government. A wounded Papen learned of Schleicher’s plan to split the Nazi Party and alerted Hitler. Hitler continued to cultivate the support he was gaining from bankers and industrialists throughout Germany and these groups increased their pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Papen worked behind the scenes against Schleicher, who soon found him out. Schleicher, upon discovering Papen’s deceit, went to Hindenburg to request the President order Papen to cease his activities. Hindenburg did the exact opposite and encouraged Papen to continue his discussions with Hitler, as long as Papen agreed to keep the talks a secret from Schleicher. A series of meetings between Hitler, Papen, and important German officials were held during the month of January. Schleicher began to realize that he was in a tenuous position and twice asked Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and place the country under emergency decree. Both times, Hindenburg refused and on the second instance, Schleicher resigned. Hitler Is Appointed Chancellor On January 29th, a rumor began to circulate that Schleicher was planning to overthrow Hindenburg. An exhausted Hindenburg decided that the only way to eliminate the threat by Schleicher and to end the instability within the government was to appoint Hitler as chancellor. As part of the appointment negotiations, Hindenburg guaranteed Hitler that four important cabinet posts could be given to Nazis. As a sign of his gratitude and to offer the reassurance of his professed good faith to Hindenburg, Hitler agreed to appoint Papen to one of the posts. Despite Hindenburg’s misgivings, Hitler was officially appointed as chancellor and sworn in at noon on January 30, 1933. Papen was named as his vice-chancellor, a nomination Hindenburg decided to insist upon to relieve some of his own hesitation with Hitler’s appointment. Longtime Nazi Party member Hermann Gà ¶ring was appointed in the dual roles of Minister of the Interior of Prussia and Minister Without Portfolio. Another Nazi, Wilhelm Frick, was named Minister of the Interior. The End of the Republic Although Hitler would not become the Fà ¼hrer until Hindenburg’s death on August 2, 1934, the downfall of the German republic had officially begun. Over the course of the next 19 months, a variety of events would drastically increase Hitler’s power over the German government and the German military. It would only be a matter of time before Adolf Hitler attempted to assert his power over the entire continent of Europe. Sources and Further Reading Hett, Benjamin Carter. The Death of Democracy: Hitlers Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic. New York: Henry Holt, 2018.  Jones, Larry Eugene. Hitler versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2016.  McDonough, Frank. Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party. London: Routledge, 2012.  Von Schlabrendorff, Fabian. The Secret War Against Hitler. New York, Routledge, 1994.

My Definition Of A Story - 806 Words

My definition of a story is a narrative that is told by word of mouth or written down in spoken language, and has a protagonist (the leading character, may be also defined as the character whose fate is most closely followed by the reader or audience, and who is opposed by a character known as the antagonist) trying to accomplish a certain goal but the antagonist (a character, institution, or concept that stands in or represents opposition against which the protagonist(s) must contend) keeps getting in the way of achieving that goal, causing conflicts or a problems in the story. A story can likewise be a recounting or retelling of events in the order they come about or some form of causally-linked set of events whether imaginary or real. A story can similarly be told for entertainment or to inform someone on exactly how to do something. A story must reconstruct images that re-create life-like characters, settings, or events. The first Flash Fiction piece, I choose to analyze is â€Å"Ways to Make Money in Prison† by Angela Palm. Based on my description of what a story is, I believe that this is not a story. I say that is isn’t a story because it doesn’t follow my definition of what a story is. This story has no clear protagonist or antagonist and no type of conflict. One could infer, that the antagonist is that you have no money in prison but you have no evidence to support that. The story also has no causally-linked set of events that happen. I think that the author of thisShow MoreRelatedThe Temple Is An Age Year Old Student At Williams College From Sierra Leone848 Words   |  4 PagesSunday morning â€Å"unless on her death bed† and attended a Jesuit preparatory school. Asked about the presence of a God in her life, she told this story: Throughout my entire life, my Mom has said, â€Å"You’re blessed.† I was born in the middle of a war and there were several times when I could have died, but I didn’t. 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The five words selected are from the story King Midas and the Golden Touch, which the students will be reading next week, as part of a short st ory unit. The words were â€Å"adorn, cleanse, lifeless, precious and realm.† When grading

Supernatural Drama Media free essay sample

Werewolves and vampires, and ordinary setting, a trigger/event that leads to the creation of supernatural beings. Ordinary people becoming supernatural or finding out about supernatural beings, and the running theme which is good vs bad. On the front of the Vampire Diaries cover, the title is written in bold white writing. The red ribbon wrapped around the white writing could connote the red strangling the white, or rather the bad strangling the good. There is also a drop of blood that can be seen under the V. Blood is conventional of the vampire story. There is a girl in a red dress which could connote lust, blood, love and danger and she is lying in the middle of two men which could connote a love triangle. The bodies look lifeless but they are looking directly at the camera which could connote that they are the living dead. This contrasts to the drooping tree which looks like it has been drained of life which links to blood being drained. We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Drama Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The logo on the Misfits cover is separated, and is tinged pink. The Being Human title is written in a plain, simple font. The Misfits title is the only one that uses an unconventional colour scheme. The Vampire Diaries follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev) who falls for a century old vampire Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their lives grow more complicated as Stefans vicious brother Damon (Ian Somerhalder) returns to town with a vendetta against his brother. The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history. This cover is the only one that uses conventional colours and gothic themes and the other covers, especially Misfits subvert the genre conventions. The narrative of the Vampire Diaries is very conventional of a supernatural and a teen drama. The elements are there, especially when a love triangle is introduced into the plot. Misfits is a British science-fiction drama television series based on a group of young offenders who obtain supernatural powers after a strange electric storm. The plots of Misfits and Being Human ollow a majority of the genre conventions, but some parts of the narrative completely subvert them. For instance, there is a lightning storm that leads the characters gaining supernatural powers, but they are a group of young offenders and they wouldnt usually be the kind of people to gain powers. On the back cover, there are profile images of each character which are comic-book like, which links with the idea of superheroes which is iconic, but the characters subvert t he conventions of superheroes. There is a different colour behind each character which again suggest they are a team of superheroes. In Being Human all three supernatural characters share a flat together in Bristol. The darkness surrounding the characters with some light suggest they are fighting against something evil that is almost taking them in. The messy house suggests chaos and along with the simple font and location suggest the simple they want is not possible. Both programmes would be very ordinary if there was no supernatural element to it. The Vampire Diaires appeals to teenagers, as the characters in it are attractive and are supposed to be around the ages of 17 and onwards. The drama part of the series also deals with some of the social problems and worries teenagers face today. Misfits subverts genre conventions and appeals to its target audience as it contains things like sex, drugs, mystery and action which are endearing to people in this age range and uses the kind of language they would also use which makes the characters seem more realistic. All three programmes have a website where views can interact with each other and can be more involved and learn and watch more about what happens behind the scenes of the shows. The Vampire Diaries is the programme that fully follows the conventions of supernatural drama. The running theme of good vs bad, the colours used and gothic themes. There are lots of different types of supernatural beings involved. The convention of a small historic town is also used. Misfits and Being Human also subvert some of the conventions of supernatural genre. They have ordinary settings but although the narrative revolves around supernatural beings the background of it is quite normal.

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Of The North Coast Essays -

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Of The North Coast Ancient Peruvian Ceramics of the North Coast March 11, 1997 The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b.p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called Chav?n, after the best known ceremonial center, Chav?n de Hu?ntar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters. There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the Chav?n, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics ?closely resembled those of highland Chav?n. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices.? In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who sometime during the fifth century b.p. moved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, ?though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advances of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics.? Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used with their double strap handles that lead from the shoulder of the forms to the one central spout. (see figures 1 and 2). This style of vessel seems to continue throughout the centuries. Three other cultures in north coast valleys contributed their pottery style to the over all Cusisnique style that was evolving into the Mochica style. These people were the Gallinazo, Recuay, and Vic?s. The Gallinazo constructed double chamber vessels with whistle spouts and a type of decoration called negative decoration where they painted their simple designs on after the pieces were fired. The Recuay also had double chamber vessels but these had one functioning spout and one sculpted, usually an animal or figure. They also used negative decoration but theirs were much more elaborate designs than the Gallinazo vessels. The Vic?s lived in the highlands on the Ecuadorian border. They made very sculptural vessels with a stirrup handle and central spout. (see figures 3, 4, and 5) Although a hand full of Vic?s artifacts have been found, not much is known about these people, but one can see a visible connection between all of these different cultures and the Mochica style that evolved ou t of them. The Mochica civilization flourished for nearly 1000 years and as time passed slight changes in the style could be seen and are chronologically separated into Mochica I-V. The first two are formative phases with lots of experimentation. The third concentrated on a distinctive art style, which continued through the forth and gradually declined in the fifth. They expressed many aspects of their culture and daily life in their ceramics. Things like warriors, runners (people who run bags of beans were important to the ceremonial life), portraits, religion, gods, and animals were shown on vessels. Mochica I was a strong continuation of the late Cupisnique sculptural style. The forms are compact with little suggestion of action, and details are often rendered in incised lines. Faces

The eNotes Blog Shakespeare on Love A Love for ModernTimes

Shakespeare on Love A Love for ModernTimes For one often hailed as the  Bard of love stories, Shakespeare sure has a weird way of showing/telling it. Even his most famous tale of romance,  Romeo and Juliet,  is a littleoffin the love department, at least for  modern times. Romeo and Juliet isnt the only Shakespeare  work  that  is  little bit strange;  in fact a pretty large  number of his works depict love  in ways that are off-putting. Even the most dedicated Shakespeare fan has to acknowledge that the fairy shenanigans in  A Midsummer Nights Dream and the sheer wickedness of Petruchio in  The Taming of the Shrew are a little less than appealing to one who loves love. One could make the claim that Shakespeare distorts his love stories as a way of connecting with the audience by  saying that love is a little crazy and so stories about it ought to be a little crazy. Another school of thought is a little more depressing, but historically viable- back in the 16th/17th centuries a lot of marrying was happening due to financial security and familial alliances, and less due to actual feelings of affection for one another. Its cynical to say that maybe Shakespeare wrote about love in the way that he did because he genuinely didnt understand it in a lasting sense (no, unfortunately the movie Shakespeare in Love is not based on a true story, much as we would all love to believe in Will and Violas love affair). Whatever the reasons for distortion may be, here are a few of Shakespeares more celebrated love stories and what may be considered a little unusual about them.  Feel free of course to draw whatever conclusion about them that makes sense to you. 1. A Midsummer Nights Dream This story is a bit of a rollercoaster from start to finish, opening with the mismatched loves of Demetrius, who loves Hermia, who loves Lysander- and dont forget Helenashes in love with Demetrius. Then, in a side story, there are Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairies. Oberon decides to use magically induced love as a way of exploiting his wife into sacrificing her pageboy to be his slave. In his madness to make Titania love a random woodland creature, Oberon sends his ward, Puck, to put the magic petals on his wifes eyelids. He  also tells him to enchant Demetrius into falling in love with Helena so that she may be happy and Hermia can be free to be with Lysander. Already were looking at some pretty warped views on love; first of all, the only characters in a healthy relationship (from what it sounds like) are Hermia and Lysander- and theyre the two that arent allowed to be together. Demetrius is hung up on a woman whos just not that into him, Helena is hung up on a man whos just not that into her, and Oberon and Titania clearly have issues with communication. After a whole lot of hullabaloo, including Titanias brief romance with a man/donkey, Oberon removes the love charms from everyone except Demetrius. So what are we left with? A happy Hermia and Lysander (yay!), a happy Helena with her hoodwinked Demetrius, and a probably still unhappy marriage of the fairy monarchs. I guess we have to hope that Demetrius never snaps out of it and that Helena can be happy with a man who doesnt actually love her, but instead is forced to think that he does. See, that just sounds sad. 2. Romeo and Juliet This story, though revered and quoted by many a scholar, is really quite bizarre. Its a classic tale of love, and it is truly heart-wrenching, but it gets weird real fast when you consider that: a) the whole thing goes down in about 48 hours, and b) these lovers are between the ages of 13 and 16(!). Today people experience love at that age with  butterflies and terror induced by  smiling at one another over peanut-butter sandwiches. Two people, hardly  more than kids, fall in love before knowing a thing about one another (how do  you like your mutton, Romeo?), get married in secret, and die for one another in an old tomb, surrounded by Juliets dead relatives. Whats that all about? The dying for one another after a two-day whirlwind romance? The story in general, though, is quite beautiful; if you take away all of the specifics about Romeo and Juliet as characters and ignore the haste with which they move from meeting  to death, there is some powerful  emotion that does suggest  what true love is all about. Loving one another in spite of the feud between their families and defying the odds to be with one another is genuine, sad, and wonderful all at once. But Shakespeare makes it weird (for us in 2016 at least) when he puts kids in these very adult situations. Its true, people married young back in the day, but usually when they married  this young, it was an arrangement over money or a dowry cow, or something- not because the two would risk their lives to be together. 3. The Taming of the Shrew So heres a really weird one. Anyone familiar with the popular (and excellent) 90s movie 10 Things I Hate About You will already know the basic story- the beautiful and desirable Bianca cant date/marry (depending on which text) until her nasty older sister, Katherina, does. In response, a foolish but wealthy suitor (Josh/Hortencio) pays a resident jerk (perceived or genuinely jerky also depending on text) to marry  Katherina so Bianca will be free to do the same. While all this is going on, the not-so-wealthy other man (Cameron/Luciento) dates/marries Bianca in secret. In the film adaptation, Petruchio is actually a hidden sweetheart. You find this out along with Kat, and everyone may or may not live happily ever after. But in Shakespeares version, Petruchio really sucks. He tricks Katherina into thinking hes this good guy who understands why shes so bitter and awful and loves her in spite of all that. As it turns out, Katherina actually starts even being kind of nice! But all of that falls apart after the two of them marry because once the papers are signed and sealed, Petruchio starts on a rampage of what wed now call emotional abuse, belittling, and undermining the poor woman until shes brainwashed and sick with enough Stockholm Syndrome to act as a proper housewife. And if that isnt enough, at the very end, all of Petruchios buddies basically clap him on the back like, good job buddy, you tamed that shrew. Right. Alternatively, Bianca marries the love of her life and is quite happyso, good for her. 4. The Winters Tale In yet another case of confusion and miscommunication (with a healthy dollop of jealousy-based insecurity) we have the marriage of Hermione and King Leontes. Everything starts out pretty jovial with an enormous dinner party hosted by Leontes and his childhood friend Polixenes (a king of another land). Where we go wrong is when Hermione agrees with her husband that Polixenes should stay a few more days. You may wonder how this is a bad thing- after all, Hermione is agreeing with her husband and trying to help him out. It seems that Leontes is an insecure man. He, seemingly  out of nowhere, becomes  convinced that Hermione and Polixenes are having an affair (pro tip: theyre really not). Leontes demands Hermione be sent to bed and tells his confidant to poison Polixenes. The confidant decides instead to warn Polixenes, and the two flee Sicilia. Again, Leontes misinterprets this one to mean that Hermione must have warned her lover to spare his life (she wasnt even there when you gave the order, Leontes). But, not one for the facts or minute evidence, Leontes has his wife locked away and declares that her unborn child must have been conceived in infidelity. When the poor little girl is born, instead of falling in love with what must have been a cute n smushy baby face, he orders the little thing be abandoned and left for dead somewhere far away. This guy is the worst. The Oracle of Delphi is called upon to give her two cents on all of this, and she says that for sacrificing so much of his family Leontes will be doomed to no heirs until his freshly abandoned daughter is found. Shortly after, a messenger reveals that the son of Leontes and Hermione, Mamillius, is dead. Shortly after that (and Hermiones resulting faint) it is reported to the King that his wife is dead too. NOW he feels pretty bad. Obviously, theres a lot more to this story, but most of it has little to do with our all-stars from Act One and  is less eventful than Leontes and his inadvertent killing spree. Of course, Shakespeare had a lot  of sonnets and poems with absolutely gorgeous depictions of love, so its hard to make the claim that Shakespeare had never experienced it himself. Maybe he just liked making stories that were a little twisted. Its really all up for your interpretation where the Bards inspiration came from, but its interesting to think that one of our most influential writers made love even scarier and more messed up than it already is. Love is weird.

Cultural Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural - Essay Example However, when the culture of an organization collides with the national values of a country, this means that the business faces the threat of being rejected. This paper argues that national culture is significant in international business because it may provide opportunities for growth or threats that may lead to the demise of the organizations. Ethics refer to the set of behaviours that are acceptable in the society. Different nations have different ethical values that influence how organizations conduct their business. For example, in the United States, it is ethical to treat all stakeholders in a business equally (Hall, 2003). Employees are given equal chances as managers to participate in making decisions. This national culture is an opportunity for international businesses; because it enables them to get ideas for development from all sources of information. National culture may also present threats to organizations that invest in countries where there are no clear ethical rules. For example, in the Asian market, there are no strict rules that prohibit individuals from taking bribes from others. This may be harmful to a European or American company that invests in this market; because the companies originate from countries where taking bribe is against the law (Hall, 2003). The companies may incur losses when they employ workers who take bribe and they may not be able to recover. The utilitarian theory argues that the acceptable ethical behaviour is the one that is beneficial to a high percentage of individuals in the country (Hall, 2003). This means that international businesses have to analyze the effects of their actions before implementing them. If the actions are not beneficial to more than half of the society, the organizations should avoid implementing them. National language and communication style also influences the success of international businesses. Hall (2003) argues that there are two main

Digital Textile Printing Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Digital Textile Printing Technologies - Essay Example Product innovation and services would be the assets for competition and the key to growth in the future. International companies can only face the competition by selling know-how intensive products to the Chinese market and by focusing on the quality and technology lead. Technical textiles are likely to develop into a niche market for companies based in Europe and the US. These textiles promise good business potential, with worldwide consumption expected to touch 20.58 million tonnes by 2006 and 24.67 m.t. by 2010. In 2005, consumption of technical textiles stood at 18.69 m.t. Technical textiles find application in several fields such as agriculture, where the worldwide consumption in 2005 stood at 15.81 lakh tonnes, in the building industry (16.48 lakh tonnes), clothing industry (12.38 lakh tonnes), the medical field (15.43 lakh tonnes) and even sports (9.89 lakh tonnes), among others. The last two decades have witnessed substantial effort in improvement of printing technology in the world. Conventional product lines have given way to new automated digital printing technology. The rapidly growing world of digitally printed textiles is a reflection of several exclusive and different business models that create challenges, threats and opportunities to the future of the textile printing market. The challeng The challenges in digital textile printing industries include finding suitable markets and changing their paradigms, limitations of materials, testing requirements, the current pace of technology, and set individual challenges in making digital textile printing technology grow successfully in this new world. The first challenge is to find the right market for the digital printing industry to flourish and grow. Second challenge is understanding the pros and cons and varying characteristics of the materials in the market today. Keeping up with technology improvements and changes is the only way for the potential prospects of the digital textile industry. Product Innovation Product innovation means different things to different people. Some, for example, tend to think in terms of a product which is 'first of its kind'. Such radical innovation is not necessarily more important than the steady, incremental improvements to existing ranges of

The alternative globalisation

The alternative globalisation Introduction Globalisation is an ongoing process by which countries and their economic, political and social spheres integrate on a daily basis. Being part of national states, people become citizens of the world. In the course of daily activities, individuals increasingly come into contact with people from different backgrounds, with unlike beliefs and values and they learn to live and work in a globalised world. Countries become interconnected and interdependent. Thus, now there is no doubt that globalization has become the dominant factor in the development of world civilization. United Nations General Assembly, which brought a record number of participants to an important meeting 189 countries, signed over 300 agreements, and at the end of the session the UN Millennium Declaration was concluded. Main provisions of the declaration were as simple and accessible facts as freedom, equality, solidarity, security, tolerance, respect for nature and mutual responsibility. As a result, the Millennium Summit formalized globalization as a new global ideology, defining the world order of the 21st century. However, examining the structure of current globalisation, we face some issues that this phenomenon introduces. The popularity of the modern concept of globalization is primarily due to the economic and social achievements of developed countries dictating its terms to the world market. As a result, the gap between poor and rich countries broadens; development based on competition, profit-making, cost-reduction and increasing market shares expands. And therefore, the need for an alternative globalisation arises around the globe. This essay is divided into four main parts. First part focuses on three major schools of thoughts, which give characteristic descriptions of globalization from different perspectives. Second part of this essay concentrates on the chronology of globalisation the way that international trade was liberalising and production received a global character. Third, introduces readers to main problems of the current globalization and discusses why the alternative to the current globalisation is required. Finally, the last section offers the analysis of things that could be done differently in todays globalisation, examines whether an alternative globalisation is possible or not, and concludes with an optimistic summary table consisting of a number of significant changes that are necessary for peaceful transition, in a long-term period from the current globalisation to an alternative one that this essay offers. Three Perspectives on Globalisation There is no single definition of Globalization and at the same time there is a big debate about its characteristics, classification, its impacts and causes. It is possible to differentiate the following three schools of thought: the hyperglobalists, the transformationalists and the sceptics. The goal of each of the following schools is to characterise distinctive features of globalization from different points of view. Hyperglobalisers, such as K. Ohmae and R. Reich believe that global economy has an important impact on humanity and politics; they argue that the market is borderless and economy is single, global and integrated. Todays world economy is genuinely borderless. Information, capital and innovation flow all over the world at top speed, enabled by technology and fuelled by consumers desire for access to the best and the least expensive products (Ohmae, 1995). We are living through the transformation that will rearrange the politics and economics of the coming century. There will be no national products or technologies, no corporations, no national industries. There will no longer be national economies (Robert Reich, 1992, p. 3). The sceptics, such as P, Hirst and G. Thompson suggest that globalisation is largely a myth. They believe that the extent of existing globalisation is exaggerated and that the increase of global trade has happened only in major developed economies in Europe, Asia-Pacific and North America. The international economy is one in which processes that are determined at the level of national economies still dominate and international phenomena are outcomes that emerge from the distinct and differential performance of the national economies. The international economy is an aggregate of nationally located functions (Hirst, Thompson, 1999, p. 10). The third group is defined by Held and McGrew as transformationalists, which includes such authors as Rosenau (1997) or Giddens (1990). They assume that globalisation plays an essential role in fast economic, political and social changes that are restructuring world order and modern societies nowadays. Globalisation denotes the intensification of worldwide social relations and interactions such that distant events acquire very localised impacts and vice versa (Held, McGrew, 2007, p. 2). Globalisation concerns the transformation of local, and even personal, contexts of social experience. Our day-to-day activities are increasingly influenced by events happening on the other side of the world. Conversely, local lifestyle habits have become globally consequential. Chronology of Globalisation There is also no single agreement about the time globalisation has emerged, opinions about the chronology of its appearance and development vary depending on how one looks at the meaning of globalisation. Some might say that globalisation is a recent development, others could state that it has began far back in history, while thirds would argue that globalisation has not yet started at all. I see the beginning of globalisation in the rise of international production and international trade, formation of which refers to the 1970s-1980s. It has started with oil and energy crisis in 1973-1974, when state enterprises started to show the signs of inefficiency. States were not able to react to the impulses of the world market and to reduction of production costs. This, on one hand, led to reduced profitability or even to losses in some industries in developed countries. And on the other hand, it led to significant discrepancies between the national conditions of reproduction in the course of industrialization the rates of wages, education level and workforce skills, interest rates, price of raw materials and energy. Due to those facts, numerous attacks on government business and the requirements of its liquidation were taking place; the privatisation of state property according to the neo-liberal theories has started. The liberalisation was one of the tools for successful globalisation, which appeared in two forms. Firstly, reduction of tariffs, elimination of non-tariff barriers, simplification of import and export procedures occurred based on numerous international agreements. In other words, there was a reduction of restrictions on access and operations in the global market. Secondly, there was a change in domestic legislation relating to foreign economic relations, such as the elimination of quotes for import and export, removal of restrictions on foreign capital in the domestic market. As a result, labour-intensive, material-and environmentally-polluting industries started to be relocated to developing countries. In addition, scientific and technological advancements have created opportunities for the spatial separation process (such as capital-intensive and energy intensive processes) and placement of the individual phases in accordance with the prices of factors of production. At the same t ime, improved transportation and communication allowed the interaction of these scattered productions at relatively modest cost. As a consequence of all above mentioned factors, production received a really global character today. We can say that todays world became interdependent and interconnected; because one countrys well being very much depends on the cooperation with other countries. As an example we can take the production of cars, it is scattered on the companies in different countries around the globe. And entrepreneurs in each country are responsible for a specific phase of production design, production of engines and electrical equipment, the manufacture and marketing. In the 1950-1960s, each company worked in the market limited by national borders. However, today restrictions on movement of goods and services across national borders have decreased and international manufacturers of the world market can move quite easily. (ORoukre, Williamson, 1999). We can now see that the cause of globalisation was a capitalist ideology, based mostly on profit-making and cost-reduction, which has a lot of positiv e as well as some negative effects on the worlds development. In the next section, I would like to focus on some of those negative effects problems of the current globalisation. Problems of the Current Globalisation This section focuses on main three issues political, economic and social that I believe require changes in current globalised world. One of the main economic problems of globalisation is related to the following question: Who is benefiting from globalization? In fact, rapid growth is typical only for a small group of rich countries; while the least economically developed countries have much lower growth rates and their gains from globalization are minimal. If we take an example of trade discussion of Uruguay Round, which was finished in 1994, we can see that the advanced industrial countries of the world, such as the US and the EU, received the biggest share of the gain and the poorest countries have actually worsened off. Developed countries still preserve tariffs against the poor countries at the rate of four times higher than the tariffs they have against other rich countries. Their whole tariff structure is directed against trade with poor economies, which effects lowering the price of the export goods of them and hurt their economies. (Stiglitz, pp. 172-173). If national and international political processes are influenced by money, there should be no illusions in understanding that power in decision-making processes relating to the global economy remains mostly with those countries, firms and organizations that are economically the strongest. (Helleiner, Gerald, 2001) The second problem arising is a political one and relates to the potential regional or global instability because of interdependence of national economies on global level; so called butterfly effect appears. National security and nation-states depend on the activities of other countries and decisions of governments in neighbouring states more and more in todays globalised world. (Michael Zurn, 2005, pp. 235-244). Local economic fluctuations or crises in one country can have regional or even global implications. This possibility is not merely theoretical, but is very real, and the current financial crisis confirms that. Peter Evans argues that inability of the state to impose even a modicum of collective discipline on private economic elites at the national level (most crucially in the United States) undercuts productive dynamism. (Peter Evans, 2008, p. 280) And the last issue that I would like to bring up is related to social aspect. The main goal of a global market and current capitalist globalization is rapid accumulation of wealth, which hardly meets any human and social needs. Lets take a simple example of one corrupt government that accepts investment money from a multinational company. People who live in that particular country have no choice but to work for that company, at the same time company does not pay workers enough money to afford sufficient food, healthcare and education. The company has promised to the government that it will develop their countrys economy. However, people are starving and diseases are spreading in the crowded conditions in which they live. Some people realize the damage and start to fight to get their country back on track, but those people are usually being arrested and being sent to jail. The multinational companies as well as government of that country make huge profits while people suffer and die. The irrational pursuit of profit often harms the environment and conflict with other social values. The imbalance causes a broad wave of protest, which is not welcomed by governments and companies and as a result brings social problems, inequality and fear to confront the current political regime. (Sklair, 2008). Alternatives to the Current Globalisation Based on the problems described in the previous part of my essay, I would like to propose some necessary changes to the way globalisation develops nowadays. With the reference to the economic issue, I would say that in order to have more balance as to benefits of the globalisation and the world trade, globalization must be more regulated and countries should collaborate better. Developed and developing countries have to act co-operatively, so that the gap between poor and rich does not widen more and more each year, but it has to start narrowing. However, there are no institutions, particularly democratic institutions to do that effectively. In order to make globalization more manageable and seek to base it on principles of solidarity, it is important to reform and strengthen the role of such international organizations as the United Nations, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Expanding ties of international organisations with non-government al organizations might be one of the examples for the reform (Lindert, Williamson, 2001, pp. 30-35). The role of media plays an important role and therefore media must be fairer and more opened. Media nowadays is driven by consumerist forces, and not by all citizens. People around the world are not being helped to recognize that most important issues overcrowded cities, quick spread of new infections, global warming, growth of worldwide disparity, destruction of the environment are all part of the same global process called globalisation. People should be aware that these issues do not just happen, but they all are related (Cavanagh, Mander, 2004, pp. 52-54). The next range of issues is related to the fragility of the international economic and political systems that follow from interdependence and interconnection of countries around the globe. We can see that local economic, financial and sometimes even political instability in one country can have regional or in some cases even global effect. Therefore, I suggest that states must be more local oriented and solve national problems first, but at the same time they should be able to react promptly to global issues, because states continue to be essential actors in determining the global regime. The same applies to business world, in order to be successful in the global competition, companies need to think globally and act locally. Practice shows that businesses which are able to design globally for narrow local requirements and which follow broaden your vision, yet narrow your focus will generate growth and success. (Pinto, 2004). The idea of globalization that bigger is better is wrong. I t involves lack of concern with local issues and overrides locality. In connection with this agenda the concept of glocalization has been introduced. It became an aspect of business jargon during the 1980s, which originates form Japan, where the general issue of the relationship between the particular and the universal has historically received almost obsessive attention (Miyoshi and Harootunian, 1989). Glocalisation is a double process firstly, institutional and regulatory activities move from the national scope upwards to regional or global scopes and downwards to the scope of individual or local. Secondly, economic activities and inter-firm networks are transforming at the same time to become more localised and transnational (Swyngedouw, 2004). With regards to the social point, I would like to argue that the current globalisation is very capitalist one which prioritizes the growth of private income over the creation of employment and other social aspects of our lives that are important both for individuals and for the community as a whole. (Sklair, 2008). Global economy needs global ethics, reflecting respect for human rights and recognition of personal and social responsibility. Horst KÃ ¶hler, the managing director of the IMF states that people living together in local communities have always recognized and responded to common moral principles, such as sharing with those who have less, and protection of the vulnerable. As the world has become more integrated and interdependent, the scope for applying such fundamental values has widened (KÃ ¶hler, 2002). I believe that the WTO and the IMF should address the problem of reducing poverty deeper, by creating employment, improving healthcare and education systems and therefor e improving quality of living standards in all countries around the world. In the following table, I have tried to summarize some of significant changes that are required for peaceful transition, in a long-term period, from the current globalisation that we have to a globalization that is more regulated, more oriented on local aspects and focused more on social sector. Conclusion In a last decade of the twentieth century, the term globalization became one of the most frequently used in the analysis of contemporary international relations, and continues to be actively used to characterize global political, economic and social processes. However, the current globalisation is mostly influenced by the interests and guidelines of economically developed countries and their ideological preferences. These factors leave their imprints on the development of globalisation, accelerating or slowing it down, and give specific nature to certain aspects of this phenomenon. Main requirements of an alternative globalization are the equality for all nations, people and countries, as well as regulation of specific areas of the worlds development with the help of strong democratic international institutions. This essay shows that an alternative globalization is essential for sustainable development of the world, and if the right steps and efforts are taken worldwide, an alternative to the current globalisation will be possible to implement. An alternative globalization as described in this essay would bring together countries and people in single global equitable and prosperous area, despite all the crises, failures and deviations, which is in everyones interests. References: Alison Brysk, 2002. Globalization and Human Rights. University of California Press Anthony Giddens, 1994. Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. Polity Press David Held and Anthony McGrew, 2007. Globalization/Anti-globalization: beyond the great divide. Polity Press Erik Swyngedouw, 2004. Globalisation or Glocalisation? Networks, Territories and Rescaling. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(1), pp. 25-44 Helleiner, Gerald K, 2001. Markets, Politics, and Globalization: Can the Global Economy Be Civilized? Global Governance, 7 (July), pp. 243-263 Horst KÃ ¶hler, 2002. Working for a Better Globalization Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2002/012802.HTM [Accessed 23 March 2010] J. Cavanagh, J. Mander, 2004. Alternatives to Economic Globalizaion: a better world is possible. Berrett-Koehler Publishers J.E. Stiglitz, 2008. Making Globalisation Work. The economic and social review, Columbia University, USA, 39 (3) Jim Pinto, 2004. Think Globally, Act Locally. Automation World K. H. ORoukre and J. G. Williamson, 1999. Globalization and History: The evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Achorn Graphic Services Kenichi Ohmae, 1995. The End of the Nation State. Free Press Paperback Edition. Leslie Sklair, 2008. The Emancipatory Potential of Generic Globalization. The Berkeley Electronic Press Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a918201775db=all [Accessed 23 March 2010] Masao Miyoshi and Harry D. Harootunian, 1989. Postmodernism in Japan. Duke University Press Michael Zurn, 2005. From Interdependence to Globalisation, Handbook of International Relations. Sage publications P. H. Lindert, J.G. Williamson, 2001. Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal? Harvard University and University of California Available at: http://128.97.165.17/media/files/GlobalUnequal_10_252.pdf [Accessed 23 March 2010] Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, 1999. Globalization in Question. Polity Press Peter Evans, 2008. Is an Alternative Globalization Possible? Politics Society, 36, pp. 271 298 Available at: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/36/2/271 [Accessed 23 March 2010] Robert F. Bruner, 2004. Think Globally, Act Locally. Batten Institute at The Darden School Foundation Robert Reich, 1992. The Work of Nations: preparing ourselves for 21st-century capitalism. Vintage Books Roland Roberson, 1995. Global Modernities. Glocalizaion: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. Sage publications, p. 25-41.

Differences Between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Lo

At the mention of the name Alice, one tends to usually think of the children’s stories by Lewis Carroll. Namely, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are two classic works of children’s literature that for over a century have been read by children and adults alike. These two stories tell the tale of a young girl named Alice who finds herself in peculiar surroundings, where she encounters many different and unusual characters. Although Alice is at the centre of both stories, each tale is uniquely different in its purpose, characters and style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carroll first published Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in 1865, three years after he had first told the story to the young girl Alice Liddell and her sisters, following her request for a story full of nonsense. The creation of this story began on a river picnic as Carroll began telling the tale of Alice in Wonderland to entertain the girls. Unlike the spontaneity in the creation of the first story, Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass was published six years after the first, when Alice was a teenager. This latter story was more logical than the first and clearly differed from it in both its style and direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of Alice and how she finds herself in the â€Å"other† world is very different in each of the stories. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice’s curiosity and boredom leads her to follow the White Rabbit as he rushes passed her. She ends up falling down the rabbit hole which takes both her and the reader into a world of magic and disorder. Carroll’s Wonderland is a place where Alice finds many of the characters difficult and odd. She encounters various characters along her journey, many of whom likely represented real people known to the real Alice Liddell. Throughout the first story, Alice also finds herself growing and shrinking at various stages, something that Carroll does not repeat in Through the Looking Glass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice’s curiosity also leads her into the â€Å"other† world in Through the Looking Glass. Unlike Carroll’s first story, this world is one that is logical and in that loses some of its magic. As Alice enters through the glass mirror, her surroundings become reversed and Carroll repeats this image of reversal throughout the story in the poem of the Jabberwocky, the mirror images of Tweedledee and Tweedledum, as well as when the White... ...e is shaking her cat. Carroll ends the story with a question to the reader- who had really dreamed the dream, Alice or the Red King? This ending is open to the reader to conclude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There exists several differences between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. These differences may be due to the disparity in time between the writing of both stories and the circumstances that surrounded Carroll’s writing, as well as the intention that Carroll possessed when he began to tell the tale. However, these differences are essential to the distinctive nature of each story and convey to the reader a different portrayal of the view that Carroll had of the relationship between child and adult. Whether it was the difference between characters in the stories, or the style in which the story was written, they play an important role in the development of Alice and in the depiction that Carroll intended. Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Illus. Arthur Rackham. Poem by Austin Dobson. New York: Sea Star Books, 2002. Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking Glass. From Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.net Etext91/glass18.txt