Chinas Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow

Chinas Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow Free Online Research Papers Since Deng Xiaoping â€Å"swung the door open† in the 1970’s, China has become increasingly relevant to the international community and foreign policies in this now global market economy. Technological, cultural, economic, and political advancements occurring world-wide has incited a rise in the dire significance of Chinese policy and its effects on United States national interests. Since just before the turn of the century, China has engaged in a number of international policy advancements that could be determined to be a â€Å"threat† to status-quo politics. (Roy) Important to this analysis is perspective. Chinese policy has drawn attention to a â€Å"soft power† increase that is certainly taking place while steel driven â€Å"hard power† has been rhetorically downplayed by some actors yet remains relevant to the discussion of China’s future in the international system. A â€Å"soft power† approach is at the forefront of this foreign relations issue. The hard power grab made by China in the past 20 years since the fall of Russia is undeniable but it is the strides made in development of soft power that should concern U.S. interests. (Roy) Evidence of China’s desire to become a regional superpower is focused on military buildup, chairing 6 party non-proliferation talks with North Korea and hard-line rhetoric stemming from dialogue concerning the sovereignty of Taiwan (or Republic of China, ROC). Utilization of increased foreign investment and the liberalized trade policies of Deng’s â€Å"Socialist Market Economy† has allowed for China to increase military production at a large rate. New access to resources and increased dialogue with developed nations has given way to technological advances and capital necessary to expand China’s military spending. China has sought a competitive naval force and invested lots of capital in missile technology and construction. Regional military hegemony is imminent. Official declarations of Chinese Foreign policy called â€Å"white papers† provide only limited insights on the motivations behind the objectives, or the specific strategies to achieve th em. The linkages between the occasional strategic pronouncement and actual policy decisions in China are not apparent, especially during periods of crisis. As a result, the study of PLA views on grand strategy remains an inexact science. (Military Report) In addition to hardware advancements, China has made new efforts in creating alliance networks and security organizations such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). China’s increased participation in international security community is a direct indicator of desire to increase influence in the region and find a place in the world order. Security policy in People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the product of historical cultural norms with regards to peace and isolationism but has seen the effect of new challenges such as the death of global communism and increasing pro-independence activism in Taiwan. (Shambaugh) The modern approach to security is a pragmatic one with emphasis on mutual trust, mutual equality, and cooperation. This approach is not in line with any traditional security policy since there is no focused goal such as territorial expansion or establishment of extensive client states. This approach provides some grey area in dealing with China and should be handled carefully. (Shambaugh),(Medeiros) Whether it was bilaterally, within existing multilateral organizations, or creating new multilateral institutions, China has successfully entered the global system of politics and maneuvers with more confidence than a decade ago. Bilaterally, China has entered into free trade agreements, strategic partnership agreements, and even created â€Å"Chinese Friendship Associations† featuring 203 â€Å"Confucius Institutes† as of 2007 including 40 U.S. States. A problem arises however when considering the grounds for these agreements. Human rights conditions, good governance requirements, and environmental standards that are an integral part of international agreements in the U.S. dominated Western system are not a necessity for Chinese investment and cooperation. Authoritarian nations that find themselves held in these constraints when dealing with Western nations have no incentive for passing on Chinese investment. China’s policy of mutual trust and mutual equality has lead to agreements being made despite differences that derail traditional agreements. Issues are often pushed aside at the diplomacy table to be addressed later or ignored completely. This practice does create many profitable pa rtnerships for the PRC but has a destabilizing effect on the international system. The lack of depth in these agreements could lead to a destabilizing shift should the actors face crisis. (Mediros) Multilateral endeavors have also taken their toll on the increase in the selling power of Chinese culture and policies. China’s status as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and involvement in the World Trade Organization as well as the World Bank show a desire to have more input in the structure and order of an international system that they did not create. Though this input is certainly welcome, motives are easily called into question when examining exactly where Chinese participation focuses. The PRC still often engages in unrestricted investments that remain off the books of these established international entities. China instead has focused much effort in the creation of new organizations such as the SCO and 2005 East Asia Summit that are not bound by Western norms and don’t include the United States. A central focus in the study of China’s foreign policy tendencies should be the continent of Africa. Greatly ignored by superpowers of the past, Africa is a new frontier in policy development. China, wishing to (a) Obtain natural resources and oil reserves once ignored by US government and abandoned by U.S. multinational corporations (b) expand its own markets (c) build its reputation as a major player in what they desire to be a multi-polar international system, has established entities such as China-Africa Cooperation Forum in 2000 and engaged in bilateral agreements such as previously mentioned. The deep pockets of the state-run oil company coupled with its lack of transparency for stakeholders have allowed China a head start in creating ties in unstable areas of Africa that proved to be too unprofitable or too downright dangerous for American interests. Now that the policies of modern China have been outlined, the United States is left with a simple choice. Does the status quo satisfy U.S. national interests sufficiently? If the status-quo of allowing the policies delineated in this report to continue unchecked is maintained, many popular foreign policy theories, such as power-transition theory, dictate that a rising power such as China will soon dominate the international system whether those are its true intentions or not. Future U.S. Policy should be either geared toward taking more hard-line approaches that would be a product of perceiving China and its emergence as a regional power as a threat, or centered on improving the soft power capabilities of the U.S. and creating an international environment that is conducive to China’s seamless involvement after a benign rise to power. Choosing which approach to take will guide policy for the U.S. moving forward. A hard-line engagement approach could scare China from its curren t security policy and destroy benign intentions dictated by CCP policy makers. Giving up a possibility of a constructive Sino-U.S. relationship by adopting a policy of containment could be a mistake for U.S. interests because of the confrontation that could transpire and the economic opportunities missed. There is also no sense in giving up the game before China’s intentions are truly known by utilizing full appeasement. A soft watchdog approach is the option that would allow for general support of China’s ongoing development. In order to create the ability to successfully provide a positive watchdog role in China’s development, the U.S. will need to reinvigorate is global engagement. Seeking membership in the organizations created by China such as the SCO and the EAS would show positive, multi-polar efforts to assist in development of the Asian region. This could also be accomplished by seeking more cooperation between regional superpowers like the E.U., China, and Russia to assist fragile states in development and introduction of those developing nations into a multi-polar system as China prefers. Very key to improving the outcome of Chinese development is increasing transparency in China’s diplomatic actions. Putting more effort into figuring what aid is actually disbursed instead of reported totals from PRC officials would help accomplish this goal. Also by encouraging the PRC to adhere to good governance agreements and drawing it from the bilateral melee currently in place, and in to a system of multilateral agreements with oversight coming from compromised policies put in place by all member nations. Increasing U.S. soft power by cutting red tape that constrains foreign investment and aid to developing countries could prevent China from engaging in more liberal bilateral agreements is another way to help combat the power transition. Research Papers on China’s Foreign Policy Today and TomorrowDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Give up willpower this year - Emphasis

Give up willpower this year Give up willpower this year At this time of year, our thoughts inevitably turn to fresh starts and making resolutions for better ways to live and work. If youve pledged to give up cake or make the gym your second home, youre certainly in good company. My friend Philippa is one of many who have declared this Dry January (which I confidently predict will be followed by Wet February – you heard it here first). Or maybe youve decided its your working habits that need to shape up, that this is the year you wont leave writing up reports, emails and proposals to the last minute anymore. Its an issue many of us struggle with, and some to a very dramatic extent. I recently read of a man who always left writing reports until the night before they were due. Well, he did that until he discovered that he could get up at 4am on the actual day he had to submit them and write them then. Clearly, thats no way to live. And definitely not a great route to writing great reports. Being unsure of where to begin your document can lead to a lot of wasted time and (if were honest) procrastination. Too often, we dont start to write until the fear of writing something imperfect gets displaced by the fear of not writing anything at all. Of course, lots of people put off starting that crucial document or critical email for much longer than they might like to admit. The fear factor The trouble is that willpower sometimes just wont cut it. If your brain perceives something to be a threat (the prospect of failure), it will do all it can to avoid that threat until a bigger one (the consequences of not writing anything at all) comes along. Believe me, your willpower is not much of a match for millions of years of evolution. The way to get round this is to trick your brain by still avoiding the threat while doing something that actually moves you closer to finishing. So if writing is the problem, dont write. Plan instead. The art of getting started Most painters sketch out the general outlines of their pictures before putting paint to canvas. This gets all the elements in the right place and then naturally leads them into the act of painting itself. When you take time to plan, you do the same thing with your writing. In fact, planning is doubly useful. Not only does it overcome procrastination, it separates your writing and thinking processes. And that separation will produce much better results. Too many people use the writing process to work out what they think. This is actually dangerous. First, its likely to result in quite a disordered document or email. Second, it fools you into believing that what youve written is logical. More likely is that what youve written is the record of what could be a jumbled thought process – a record that you then inflict on the reader. Map it out There are many ways to plan. Lists are better than nothing. Mind maps are much better, as they are non-linear: they allow you to make connections between ideas that may not have initially occurred to you. But, however you plan, try not to do it on-screen: this will make it difficult to get the necessary perspective. And let’s not forget, your computer is also where all the tempting distractions of the internet lurk. So, instead, use a pen or pencil and a piece of paper. (Yes, paper.) And switch off – or even step away from – your screen if it helps. Since you’re unlikely to beat evolution, you may as well work with it to get the results you want. As well as have the occasional lie-in. Image credit: alphaspirit / Shutterstock

Apple Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Apple - Case Study Example The consumers of Apple all over the world are highly gadget friendly in nature and they loves to explore the latest innovative features, that are provided by Apple products, even if that means availing the product at a high price. Answer 2 In the first case the company is required to develop or enhance its communication strategy with the consumers. Strategies to develop marketing communication happen to alter from company to company depending on differences in marketing and budget objectives. Different tools related to enhanced marketing communications related to advertising, conducting public relations campaigning, marketing through internet medium and also in rendering sales promotions in the form of discounts and rebates as displayed under would contribute in attracting and sustaining the consumers (Belch and Belch, 2003, p.16). Figure 1 (Belch and Belch, 2003, p.16) The second theoretical model relates to the mode of enhancement of relationships with the consumer force. Building of effective relationship with the consumers through addressing queries both before and after sales and rendering proper services happens to enhance the psychological and emotional involvement of the consumer to the brand. This sense of gratitude to the favour obtained reciprocates the consumer’s intention to repurchase and thereby develops a long term relationship as reflected below (Palmatier, 2008, p.27). Figure 2 (Palmatier, 2008, p.27) Answer 3 Product: The product offering of the company comprises of a highly diversified product portfolio comprising of Apple Mac, IPod, I phones, I pads etc. Talking in these lines, it can be said that the company also offers an array of services that are complementing in nature to the products of the company [Apple, 2012, p.2]. Place: The products of the company are highly distributed in multiple markets around the world because of the global customer base of Apple. Promotion: Since, Apple is a widely popular brand in the market, it can be said that the products of the company is sold on the demand created by its brand value. The promotion efforts of the company mainly comprises of the factors of providing online promotions through the company’s website as well as YouTube awareness videos. The company also uses the traditional marketing channels to communicate the values and features of its products to consumers around the globe. Price: The products of Apple are high on quality and innovative features. As a matter of fact, it can be said that the company products are labeled at a premium price, in an effort to cover up the high costs of innovations that are necessary in technology products for the purpose of gaining competitive advantage. Answer 4 The 2001 period was considered critical enough for Apple Inc owing to the emergence of global recession. The sales of the company had drastically fallen from $8 billion a year earlier to only $5.7 billion. Moreover the company had also incurred a huge loss of $344 million with sales and gross margins collapsing drastically in many regions. The company was required to revamp its product architecture through the mode of extensive product development and expansion activities along its different portfolios to return to the growth stage of the product cycle. Secondly the company was also required to enhance its market penetration activities through the use of discounts and promotions to attract the consumers. Answer 5 The risk of new entrants: It is not easy for the new entrants to gain market share. The consumers in this industry like to stick with the existing brands even if the prices of the products are a touched

Questions on Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Questions on Philosophy - Essay Example What problem did Kant find with traditional metaphysics and how does he aim to solve it? (Think Descartes on this also) He thinks he is writing for metaphysicians and Hume because Hume is skeptic about the possibility of metaphysics (SparkNotes Editors). 3. How is it that Hume awoke Kant from his â€Å"dogmatic slumber?† What was it about Hume’s philosophy that was so awakening to Kant? What were the reasons Hume’s observations were so unsettling to Kant? Kant said that Hume's skeptical challenge is what first spurred him toward his critical philosophy. Hume asks how we can make inferences regarding experience: how can I predict what will happen in the future based on what has happened in the past? In order to do so, Hume suggests, I must know some sort of "uniformity principle" that says that events in the future will follow the same sorts of general laws that they have followed in the past. But how can I know this uniformity principle? It isn't logically or nec essarily true, so I can't simply infer it prior to experience like I can with mathematical knowledge. However, I fall into a vicious circle if I claim that I know it from experience, since I need to already have the uniformity principle in order to infer that—the uniformity principle has been true in the past, and it will continue to be true in the future. Thus, Hume concludes that we cannot know that future events will follow the same laws as past events: we just get into the habit of expecting it (SparkNotes Editors). 4. What questions are the ones that Kant thinks need to be answered first if metaphysics as a science is to be possible at all? Which is the question at the foundation of all knowledge? Metaphysics is unlike math or science in that its reach exceeds its grasp. It aspires to know what it cannot know. In finding itself bounded, however, reason also explores the full extent and possibility of human knowledge. While reason cannot tell us anything about things in t hemselves, it can be used to examine our own faculties. Kant redefines metaphysics as a "critique," an attempt to examine how knowledge is structured and justified (SparkNotes Editors). 5. What does Kant mean by all of our judgments being either a priori or a posteriori and either analytic or synthetic? What are examples of each of them? How do these 4 designations of our objects of knowledge differ from the two that Hume argued there were? Kant distinguishes between a priori and a posteriori cognitions and between analytic and synthetic judgments. Knowledge we gain from experience is a posteriori, and what we can know independent of experience is a priori. A synthetic judgment is one whose predicate contains information not contained in the subject, and an analytic judgment is one whose predicate is a mere analysis of the subject. Kant claims that mathematics, natural science, and metaphysics all lay claim to synthetic a priori propositions—propositions that are necessarily but not trivially true, and can be known prior to experience. Since mathematics and pure natural science are well-established fields, he proposes to examine how their synthetic truths are possible a priori in the hope that this examination will shed light on the possibility of metaphysics as a science (SparkNotes Editors). 6. What is so peculiar about knowledge that is both synthetic and a priori? Be able to give examples of these and be able to describe how this is possible according to Kant. Kant

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay He led a revolution, became a scapegoat, and was exiled from his home lane. This person was Leon Trotsky, a Russian Marxist revolutionary. In the novel Animal Farm, Trotsky came out through a pig named Snowball. Throughout the novel, Trotsky is brought up more and more through snowball. Leon Trotsky is represented through Snowball by the many life events they had in common. Snowball was chased away from the farm and became an exile by Napoleons trained dogs. In Trotsky’s life, he too became an exile from his home. He sent away and banned from returning. In addition, Napoleon claimed that all the ideas that had come from Snowball were actually all his own creations. â€Å"One of them all but closed his jaws on Snowballs tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt†¦ slipped through a hole†¦ and was seen no more†(68). This is a quote from the scene where Snowball becomes banned from the farm. After Snowball takes charge over the farm for some time, his comrade, Napoleon comes to despise him. Snowball and Napoleon never agree on anything. Napoleon did not want the animals to side with Snowball, he always argued against Snowballs ideas and was never friendly towards him. What also went on was Napoleon, showing his hatred for Snowball, examined the layouts Snowball had made for the windmill and urinated over the plans. Napoleon showed his disgust by urinating on something that was important to Snowball. â€Å"†¦looked closely at every detail of the plans†¦ then suddenly he [Napoleon] lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked away†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (65). Obviously the action that Napoleon just committed shows hatred for Snowball. After Snowball was gone from the farm, he became a scapegoat for Napoleon. It was suddenly Snowballs fault that the windmill had collapsed. Napoleon needed a reason for it to have fallen, and who better to blame than Snowball, that way the animals would want revenge by building a stronger one; exactly what Napoleon wanted. In addition, it was announced that Snowball had been sneaking onto the farm to steal corn, break eggs and what not. Whatever bad thing that occurred was automatically put on Snowball by Napoleon. â€Å"Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball†(88). With hardly ever any proof, Snowball was always the scapegoat. In conclusion, it is obvious how Snowball went through the events of Leon Trotsky’s life. From having his ideas stolen to becoming a scapegoat, he led the life of a famous revolutionary leader, though it wasn’t a very good life, he made a big impact on all of his comrades and will never be forgotten.

The Talloires Motivation :: University Improvement Essays

The Talloires Motivation Stewardship: â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† Sustainability: â€Å"life that uses nature without bringing harm to it.† The concept of using resources without endangering their future availability is an ideal that only within the past couple decades has gained support within the collegiate world. The severe need for this principle caused twenty-two university presidents and chancellors to convene in 1990 and sign a declaration pledging to support it and advocate its propagation. Recently this document known as the Talloires Declaration was signed locally by President Warren J. Baker representing California Polytechnic State University, an action which he explained in a speech made on his college’s campus. The purpose of this speech was to reinforce the ideals of stewardship and sustainability in our area and indirectly support the Cal Poly Master Plan as an advocate of them in the community. These goals are in his best interest because if achieved they would rally support for Master Plan projects without resistance from parties uneducated to the ultimately beneficial aims of these plans. One way President Baker pointed out signing the Talloires Declaration makes the Master Plan indispensable is that many of the goals of the declaration parallel goals found in the Master Plan. He quoted the Master Plan as â€Å"striving to strike a balance among several principles that we believe are all essential elements of a comprehensive vision of sustainability,† and listed those values as academic excellence, social justice, economic growth and efficiency and environmental protection. Past successful projects he noted are offering degree programs that promote responsible actions when dealing with the environment, the construction of learning centers and institutions that advise and interact with the government on conservation projects, and promoting sustainability and stewardship through founding EARTH university in Costa Rica to alert the world to stewardship and sustainability. These are good examples of the Master Plan and Talloires Declaration working together as t hey show the width and breadth of projects the Master Plan has tackled, and present achievements with visible and positive outcome. These achievements are also well chosen because they are projects that paralleled the ten goals of the Taillores Declaration. Offering degree programs which concentrate on conservation and sustainability is an excellent way to â€Å"Increase Awareness of Environmentally Sustainable Development,† â€Å"Educate for Environmentally Responsible Citizenship,† and â€Å"Foster Environmental Literacy For All† which are goals one, three and four.

Fraternities/Sororities Essay

Fraternities/Sororities are generally considered as a bad organization or brotherhood nowadays. It affects the academic performance of many students especially some of BSIT (Bachelor of Science in Information Technology) freshmen who tried to join. Many students find that membership in a chapter gives them opportunities to develop valuable skills they have not been able to find elsewhere. Sometimes, joining a fraternity/sorority is an excellent way for some students to meet people, get more acclimated to campus life, gain important leadership skills have fun, contribute to the community, and/or establish life-long friendships. Exact figures for the number of college students nationally involved in these organizations are hard to pin down. Positive examples of fraternities exemplifying their founding principles of brotherhood, scholarship and service are easily available. However, negative images centered on alcohol, hazing and hegemonic masculine behavior garner far more public attention: just like Guillo Servando — An 18-year-old Benilde sophomore who died recently after suffering severe beating and died after the initiation rites under the Tau Gamma fraternity. (ww.philstar.com/news-feature/). That’s why we conduct this study to find out what are really the reasons or factors that motivates students to join organizations in school in spite of these accidents that happening nowadays. Statement of the Problem Generally, this research study aims to determine the reasons for joining fraternities/sororities of BS Information Technology freshmen enrolled in West Negros University, S.Y. 2014-2015. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of WNU BSIT freshmen in terms of: a. age b. gender c. monthly income d. place of residency 2. What are the reasons for joining fraternities/sororities of BSIT students? 3. What are the major reasons of BSIT students in joining fraternities/sororities when they are classified according to: a. age b. gender c. monthly income d. place of residence Significance of the Study The findings of this research study were beneficial or significant to the following people: BS Information Technology students. This findings of the study would help them know and understand the reasons for joining fraternities/sororities and be able to find other ways to help them cope with their individual problems or concerns. Professors. The findings of this research study would provide ideas about the behavior of the students. Parents. This would give insights on how they can exhibit responsibilities to their children and how they can avoid their children in joining these organizations. Present researchers. This will help them to identify the different insights of each student regarding reasons for joining fraternities/sororities. Future researchers. The findings in this research study would provide basis for the conduct of future research about the reasons of joining fraternities/sororities and possibly on a wider involving other areas or variables. Scope and Limitation This study primarily deals with the reasons for joining fraternities or sororities of BS Information Technology Freshmen enrolled in West Negros University, first semester, S.Y. 2014-2015. Variables included are: age, sex, family monthly income and place of residency. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this study, the following terms have been defined conceptually and operationally. Age. Conceptually, it refers to the amount of time during which the person or animal has lived. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/). Operationally, it refers to the amount of time in which the person exists. Alumnus/alumna. Conceptually, this term refers to a member who has graduated. Alumnus is the masculine, alumna the feminine. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). Operationally, this refers to a member of the fraternity who fgraduated from an institution. Family Monthly Income. Conceptually, it refers to the total compensation received by all family members age 15 or older living in the same household. Compensation may include wages, social security, child support, pensions capital gains, and dividends. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/family-income.html). Operationally it refers to the amount of money receives from the family member/s who is/are working. Fraternity. Conceptually, it refers a group of people associated or formally organized for a common purpose, interest, or pleasure. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/). Operationally, it refers exclusively to men’s groups, many women’s groups officially call themselves fraternities, and the most proper term for them is Women’s Fraternities. Hazing. Conceptually, it refers to the imposition of strenuous, often humiliating, tasks as part of a program of rigorous physical training and initiation rites. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/). Operationally, it refers to a mental or physical harm done to a new member of an organization. Sex. Conceptually, it refers to male or female based of their reproductive organs and structures. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/). Operationally it refers to a state of being male or female. Sorority. Conceptually, it refers to a Greek letter organization, which admits only women. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/). Operationally, it refers to a society for female students in a university or college, typically for social purposes

Law reform regarding Animal Welfare Essay

As the world changes so do worldviews and therefore, so do the accepted morals and values of the time. With these changing morals and values come altering laws, amended or renewed to reflect these changing views. This is called law reform, in particular, the subject of Animal Welfare. Laws in relation to animal welfare have been made and amended to restore justice and equality to the voiceless members of society. Before recent times, the rights of animals had been severely overlooked. Attention has been brought to breeding and slaughtering practices around the world through wide scale media. In such countries these processes fly under the radar and are rarely monitored, until now. This is when worldwide regulations have to be put in place to ensure that appropriate and adequate treatments are adhered to around the world. Most animal cruelties on a small scale are kept quiet, and are performed either in secluded areas away from prying eyes or those who witness such things are unable or unsure of how to seek justice. Although most of the first laws regarding animal protection from human mistreatment were made in the early 19th Century, according to Peter Sankoff and Steven White’s book; ‘Animal Law in Australiasia’, these laws fall short of bringing adequate justice to the cruelties within Australia and New Zealand. Activists, academics, law professionals and many others share this view, giving even more reason to amend relevant legislation to cover any discrepancies and loopholes. Animal law has only recently emerged as a studied genre of law, which means it is slowly becoming more known. The constitution is the basis for all Australian law and in this case, particularly from section 51. Firstly, section 51 of the Constitution provides that the ‘Parliament shall†¦ have power to make laws for peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to’ 39 subject matters, known as ‘heads of power’. Although the constitution itself doesn’t outline laws regarding animals other than fish, it does give the conditions in which other laws can be created. The Commonwealth can enact any law, provided that the law is characterized as being under at least one of the heads of power. Subject to some limitations, a law that is characterized as being one with respect to one of these heads of power will be valid although it may regulate some other matter that is not specifically allocated to the Commonwealth (such as animal welfare). Through external affairs powers and corporations power came these treaties: Examples of the treaties form ed with other countries are as follows: * The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, * The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1973, * The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species and Wild Animals 1979 (‘the Bonn Convention’) and * The Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific 1976 (‘the Apia Convention’). Mechanisms of Reform- Non-Government Organizations. ‘Lawyers For Animals’ is an organization dedicated to advocating the need to improve animal welfare through education and law, as well as ‘Voiceless’. Voiceless is a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering networks for law professionals, academics and politicians to influence law and the need for law reform regarding animal welfare. They conduct research regarding agricultural industry practices, exposing legalized cruelty and promoting need for debate. They also attempt to inform the public about consuming and which products have and have not come from low quality, quantity breeders. They recognize the need for a voice that projects the facts of cruelty among everyday people and corporations that give way to law reform and law making in relation to the protection and rights of animals. By building a forum, social justice movement, funding in education, participation in events and forming relationships with law schools and firms, Voiceless hopes to pr ovoke change and awareness about animal welfare. The key issues that have been addressed as contemporary issues regarding this subject are; * Animals as property * Animals in agriculture * Animal welfare legislation * Labeling * Live animal export * Intensive livestock production and climate change * Animals used for scientific purposes * Animals used for entertainment * Pets * Pests * Wild animals * Fish and crustaceans These are a vast range of issues, which call for a vast range of bills to be introduced from a large number of interested politicians. Having animals as property and pets, means that we as humans own them. We dictate what it is they eat, drink, do etc. We are responsible for taking care of them, and the blatant fact is that many people don’t. As Gary Francione, ‘distinguished professor of law’, states – animals are ‘as a matter of law, solely means to human ends. As such, their value is measured in terms of their usefulness to humans, and not in terms of their own interests’. The Animal Legal Defence Fund (‘ALDF’), was established in 1979 and has more than 100,000 dedicated lawyer members who apply their skills in a number of ways in order to protect the lives and advance the interests of animals through the legal system. For example, the ‘Litigation Program’ files cutting-edge lawsuits to stop the abuse of companion animals, and animals abused in industries including factory farming and the entertainment business; while the ‘Criminal Justice Program’ works with law enforcement and prosecutors to seek maximum penalties for animal abusers. ALDF has also been at the forefront of law reform in respect to one that can actually make a difference. With changing times also comes the once described as ‘likely to be the next great social justice movement’, animal welfare is becoming more well known. Universities have been reflecting this growing issue, providing more and more opportunities for education on and relating to animal rights and animals and the environment. Examples of such debates for reform topics and their respectable supporters ( as found on http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-‘animal-rights’-become-next-great-social-justice-movement) a re below: * Arguments in favour of basic legal rights for nonhumans (Steven Wise; President, Center for the Expansion of Fundamental Rights Inc., Coral Springs, Florida, USA ); * Suicide foods’: the anthropomorphising of animals (Prof Mark Kingwell, Uni of Toronto); * Animal rights activists’ case against the animal industries (Tom Regan, American philosopher and animal rights activist); * The philosophy behind animal welfare (Geoffrey Bloom, Geoffrey Bloom & Associates); * The law and pig farming (Dr Malcolm Caulfield, legal counsel for Animals Australia); * Animals and the law in Australia: a livestock industry perspective ( Kathleen Plowman; General Manager Policy for Australian Pork Ltd, with Alan Person and John Topfer); * The treatment of feral animals (Graeme McEwen, Barristers Animal Welfare Panel); * The ethics of animal biotechnology (Professors Mickey Gjerris and Peter Sandoe, University of Copenhagen); * Animal derived food labelling (Katrina Sharman, Corporate Counse l, Voiceless, the fund for animals); * The common law and animal rights (Nichola Donovan, Lawyers for Animals); * Animals, guardianship and the local courts Another benefit human’s get from animals is profit. Breeding and meat production are industries where greed comes into play and animals needs and rights are forgotten. These NGO’s raise awareness and with the help of media, put pressure on the courts and parliament to introduce change. Certain ministers will be targeted and issues put forward to so that agencies have a representative in court. Animal Laws that already exsist: * Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT) * Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) * Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) * Animal Care & Protection Act 2001 (QLD) * Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA) * Animal Welfare Act 1993 (TAS) * Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (VIC) * Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA The shortcomings of these laws are the lack of equal treatment among animals used for scientific research and those that are pets. Eg: Cats will receive better treatment than pigs, as they are pets and pigs are used simply to grow and once they are grown, to eat. Again, seen as property beneficial to humans, which goes against the rules of law. The majority of the difficulties with enforcement stem from the manner by which the power to enforce animal welfare legislation is granted. The power is granted to: * State government departments; * the RSPCA; * and the police. Much of the enforcement is carried out by the RSPCA. It is the state and territory governments that are responsible for enacting legislation appropriate to their areas, therefore this will be done through the New South Wales Law Reform Commission. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission takes care of localized matters in relation to the state and the Australian Law Reform Commission takes care of matters to do with international treaties of trade and animal treatment. The New South Wales Law Reform Commission may be the pinnacle of law making bodies for New South Wales, The Australian Law Reform Commission itself recognizes the altering times and calls for change throughout the country. Dated 19th May 2009, David Weisbrot, President of the ALRC spoke at the University of Sydney about their views upon the issue, with the NGO ‘Voiceless’. He stated that; â€Å"I think we need; national – or at least harmonised – legislation that protects animal welfare; and is not set at the lowest common denominator; or is so riddled with loopholes that you could drive a large factory farm truck though.† From the President of the ALRC itself, one would have to assume actions were being made in establishing new laws regarding animals, however it is not so. In the recent years, there has been much talk of changes yet no actions or amendments have been put in place as a follow through of this talk. David also stated that we evolve over time, resulting in the need for law reform and that it is this slow and painstakingly gradual task. Reasons for law reform regarding animal welfare: An example of the altering views are prime in the subject of Sweden banning importations of Australian wool in the fear that it would be supporting mulesing. This could go on to be a major issue for the wool trade industry. Another concept is that of the changing and growing world, as the population grows, so does the need for food. This pressures farmers into states of mass production; Eg: The mass breeding and steroid use in chickens so that they reach adulthood 10x faster than usual, leaving their legs to break and mutate under the abnormal weight that grows too fast for the rest of the body to keep up. These chickens have shorter and extremely painful life spans, are kept in battery cages where there is no room for them to walk or sit. This issue has been addressed in documentaries attempting to make the public aware of the cruel and selfish origin their produce is coming from and spur politicians into addressing the subject with observance of practices and laws to protect such a nimals. As is seen in the many above genre’s relating to animals as pets, food and many other things, a massive need for appropriate and widespread legislation has surfaced. Ways of mass production are under complete scrutiny for cruel practices, while more monitoring of animal owners has become paramount for the RSPCA. Universities have opened doors to educating the worlds youth about this topic, providing a new force of law trained individuals, able to influence people within their league into the advertisement and hopeful altering of current laws. These trained professionals have the ability to uncover the shortcomings of current laws that have been so far swept under the rug, and take them to members of the State and Federal Governments for consideration. The Non-Government Organizations such as the RSPCA or Voiceless project widely held views of the public, who may not be as educated or influential within the political spectrum, but allow the public a say all the same. With a new influx of technology from the late 20th into modern 21st century, brings both positive and negative possibilities when monitoring and even bringing about animal cruelty. That is, one can use cameras placed in chicken farms to monitor such breeding, but it is the development of scientific technology that has allowed such abnormal growth in the first place. Education towards use of technology in a morally aware way should be a priority for the government, as well as making the public more aware of those cruelties that happen every single day. By making the public largely aware of various aspects of animal cruelty, many more opinions can be altered to support the work of the RSPCA and Voiceless, so that both the N.S.W Law Reform Commission and Australian Law Re form Commission can alter their own priorities and make changes to relative legislation. Bibliography: * http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/welfare * http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reform * http://www.lawyersforanimals.org.au/documents/Animal-Law-Subject-Proposal.pdf * http://lawyersforanimals.org.au/ * http://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862877191 * http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/articles/ovaustrailia.htm * http://lsa.net.au/wcb-content/uploads/lsa/files/2011/Animal%20Law%20-%20a%20need%20for%20reform%20(LSA%20State%20Conference%20March%202011).pdf * http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2008/will-‘animal-rights’-become-next-great-social-justice-movement * http://www.alrc.gov.au/news-media/2009/voiceless-animal-law-lecture-series

The Crucible Essays - The Crucible, John Proctor, Tituba

The Crucible Essays - The Crucible, John Proctor, Tituba The Crucible The Crucible In 1692, in Salem Massachusetts, the superstition of witches existed in a society of strong Christian beliefs. Anybody who acted out of the ordinary was accused of being a witch and then the accused would actually be forgiven if the blamed their accusations on another individual. This was the main idea of a play entitled, The Crucible by Arthur Miller. In this play a group of young girls act up and are then accused of being witches. These girls then blame other people in order to get out of trouble and even pretend to be bewitched in front of the court during a trial. This leads into the deaths of some innocent people who were accused and automatically found guilty. I believe, in many ways the people of Salem were responsible for the witch hysteria. The person with the most influence was the character, Abigail. Abigail had an affair with a man by the name of John Proctor. Proctor broke contact with Abigail and spent time and interest in his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail gets jealous because of this and Abigail, a few other girls, and a servant from the Caribbean named Tituba dance around in an order that they believe it will kill Proctors wife. Rev. Parris, Abigails uncle, sees this and reports it. When Abigail is questioned about this, she denies everything and doesnt tell the truth about what really happened. The news of her and the other girls strange actions gets around and the hysteria starts. Without Abigails superstition, and her fear or telling the truth, I think the events in The Crucible wouldnt have gotten as serious as they did or even started. John Proctor was another catalyst to the witch hysteria in Salem. John Proctor has an affair with Abigail, but he and his wife do make up and get along well. John Proctor adds to the hysteria when he and his wife are talking about Abigail and why she is acting so oddly. Although John Proctor knows she is making up everything and blaming innocent people, he is reluctant to travel to Salem and testify her as a fraud to the court. If he would have done this, the witch trials could have stopped there. Another way John Proctor could have contributed to this madness but his moral didnt let him occurs when at the end of Act IV he says he will confess to the law who he saw with the devil in order to save himself from dying or from imprisonment. Fortunately, John Proctor realizes this is wrong and he does not give the confession and he hangs because of it. Although eventually John Proctor did add to the hysteria a little, he still helped it stop. The last person I think was played a big part in the spirit of the witch hysteria is Governor Danforth. Danforth was a big part of the actual trials and his court system was very brutal and uncivilized, in fact he said, If you are not with the court, you are against it which basically means in my opinion, if you are on trial and you dont believe what the court believes then you are guilty. His words in this sentence where a huge part of the conclusion on what eventually happened to the girls and all that were involved. The court believed they were all witches and they really had no chance to prove them wrong. Danforth contributed to the hysteria another way in the method that he used to judge who was guilty in terms of evidence. He believed word of mouth more than actual proven evidence, mostly because he wanted these trials over fast and he wanted it to turn out the way he wanted the trails to end. Without Danforth's ignorant court procedures and weak justice system, the trails would have gone much better and the truth of the hysteria would have most likely been uncovered. The ignorance and superstition of the people of Salem were responsible for the witch hysteria. I believe that this kind of hysteria could never exist in a society like I live in today. Todays courts are much better than the theocratic church/courts of the late 1600s. Another thing to consider is that our Declaration of Independence

Calculus

Calculus Calculus Calculus By Maeve Maddox A reader writes, The other day I heard a radio commentator constantly using the phrase in that calculus, something Id never heard before. [The] commentator was using it in a political context, pretty much as a fancy way of saying in that situation; Id be grateful if you could look into it and cover it some time! Calculus is one of those words like parameter and paradigm that have been yanked from their habitual scientific contexts into the general vocabulary by non-scientists to make their utterances sound more profound. In the context of mathematics, the word calculus is usually preceded by differential or integral: integral calculus: a branch of mathematics concerned with the theory and applications (as in the determination of lengths, areas, and volumes and in the solution of differential equations) of integrals and integration. differential calculus: a branch of mathematics concerned chiefly with the study of the rate of change of functions with respect to their variables especially through the use of derivatives and differentials. Calculus is the diminutive of Latin calx, â€Å"stone.† A calculus was a little stone or pebble. The plural, calculi gives us the word calculation because pebbles were used for counting. Calculi were also used as game pieces and for voting. In the context of medicine, calculus is a hard deposit that builds up in the body to produce kidney stones, plaque, and such. The word calculus is now to be found in a variety of contexts: Competition along routes is just one variable in that calculus. (The context is a discussion of the process of airline pricing.) They are casting Ellsworth as an unwilling enabler who will further an agenda even though he might not fully support it. And, in that calculus, his vote for Speaker of the House comes first and foremost. No medical intervention is 100% safe. However vaccines are remarkably  safeIt is risk versus benefit and in that calculus vaccines win. J. C. Watts Endorsing Newt Gingrich is Awful Political Calculus In New Calculus on Smoking, It’s Health Gained vs. Pleasure Lost The political calculus on immigration reform changes day by day, but the moral calculus has not. It seems to me that in each of these examples, situation, calculation, or thinking would serve the context. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?What is Dative Case?How Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Oral Communtications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oral Communtications - Essay Example 24). The law that put a limit to the terms that a president can serve in the U.S. was ratified by at least 41 states and rejected by a meagre two states. Many historians note that the 22nd Amendment was instituted in reaction to what the founding fathers of the United States wished for the country. The founding fathers thought that without setting a term limit for presidents, the nation would effectively become a monarchy (Moore p. 7). George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe, are some of the presidents who opted not to vie for presidency for a third term. Their moves in this direction were widely taken positively and impacted the choice of Americans to institute a term limit for presidents. The 22nd Amendment has been subject to a lot of debate. While others argue that the Amendment when related to the Twelfth Amendment bars people who have served two terms as president cannot qualify to become vice presidents, others note that a former president who served two terms can serve as vice president legally (Moore p. 7). The latter group argues that the Twenty-second and the Twelfth Amendments talk about eligibility to serve as president and election respectively to the extent that a former president can serve as vice president even if he/she had worked as president for two terms. In conclusion, the 22nd Amendment clearly bars a person who has served as president for two terms from serving additional terms in the same capacity. The Amendment was enacted with the sole purpose of avoiding the possibility of the nation becoming a

The development of the legend of King Arthur Research Paper

The development of the legend of King Arthur - Research Paper Example He is thought to have fought during the Dark Ages warrior of the Celts. The mythological structure that followed his history was based on his reign in the Dark Age. However, there is no common agreement that the legend existed either as an individual or in the form of composite of several persons. The relationship between Saxons and Celts in Britain has helped authors to explain the development of the legend (Castleden 226). He became famous for during a time when there was social unrest and erratic moral stability in Britain. He was the only military leader whom people thought could bring law and order back in the famous paradise of the west. King Arthur had relationship with Queen Guinevere, who allegedly had an affair with Lancelot (Castleden, 229). Lancelot was one of the best knights and a member of the Knights of the Round Table. The tale of King Arthur tells of his deadly conflict with his nephew and son Mordred. He king was turning down son’s quest for the Holy Grail. King Arthur’ stories developed during the 5th century when Britons were fighting Saxon advance to the paradise of the west. The Saxons were forced back to the Cornwall and Wales, and their territory became what is presently known as England. The Welsh narration of King Arthur mentions a foreign leader who helped Britons to hold Saxons at bay. The Welsh chronicles explain that the Saxons had no intentions with the exploits of King Arthur (Caerleon.net). Historia Britonum is one of the first references to how the legend developed and is a compilation of Welsh Chronicles in 830 AD. The chronicles describe King Arthur as a warrior who braved twelve battles during his reign. The legend fought the battler of Mount Badon and City if the Legion to mentioned a few of the battles he helped Britain to win (Caerleon.net). Geoffrey of Monmouth also helped to develop King Arthur’s stories. Geoffrey narrates King Arthur as a